Chapter+3+Review+3

=Water and the Fitness of the Environment=

Key words


 
 * Adhesion**- The attraction between different kinds of molecules
 * aqueous solution** - A solution in which water is the solvent.

in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution
 * buffer**- A substance that consists of acid and base in a solution and that minimizes changes


 * cohesion**-  The binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds.

owing to a loss of highly kinetic molecules to the gaseous state.
 * evaporative cooling**-  The property of a liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation,


 * heat of vaporization**-  The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 gram of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state.

  
 * heat**-  The total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter. Heat is energy in its most random form.
 * hydration shell-**  The sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion.
 * hydrogen ion-**  A single proton with a charge of +1. The dissociation of a water molecule (H2O) leads to the generation of a hydroxide ion (OH-) and a hydrogen ion (H+).
 * Joule**(J)- A unit of energy


 * Kinetic energy**-  the energy of motion
 * Molarity**- measure of concentration. Moles / Liters

 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica">**Polar molecule**- opposite ends of the molecules have opposite charges
 * Mole**(mol)- <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica"> The number (mol) of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica">**pH**- a measure iod the concentration of hydrogen ions

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica">
 * Solute**- <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica"> A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
 * Solvent**- <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica"> the substance that dissolves the solute
 * Solution**- <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica"> A homogeneous, liquid mixture of two or more substances.
 * Specific heat**- amount of heat necessary for one gram of a substance to change its temperature by one degree Celsius

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica">**temperature**- the average kinetic energy <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica">
 * Surface tension**- <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica"> A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica">

Chapter Summery
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica">The polarity of water molecules results in hydrogen bonding

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica"> Attraction of Water • Attraction between polar molecules • Attraction is electric • Slightly positive hydrogen is attracted to the slightly negative oxygen

Four things Water contributes to Earth • Water’s cohesive behavior • Ability to stabilize temperature • Expansion upon freezing • Versatility as a solvent

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica"> Water stabilizes air temperature by absorbing heat from air that is warmer and releasing the stored heat to the air is cooler

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica">Example: An ice cube cools a drink not by adding coldness to the liquid, but by absorbing heat as the ice cube melts

Water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius and boils at 100 degrees Celsius.